The influence of fluoxetine on orthodontic tooth movement in rats

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the effects of chronic use of fluoxetine on the amount of orthodontic tooth movement and tissue changes in rats. A total of 192 Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups: S, 0.9% saline solution; F, 20 mg/kg of fluoxetine; SM, 0.9% saline solution with orthodontic movement; and FM, 20 mg/kg of fluoxetine with orthodontic movement. After 30 days of daily saline or fluoxetine administration, an orthodontic device (25cN) was used to mesially displace the first molar in animals of the groups SM and FM. The animals were euthanized 2, 7, 14, and 28 days after placement of the orthodontic appliances and animals of groups S and F were euthanized at the same time. The assessment of tooth movement was made in gypsum castings, the collagen neoformation was assessed by polarization microscopy, the number of osteoclasts and root resorption were evaluated using tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, and presence of hyalinized areas was assessed by hematoxylin-eosin staining. Fluoxetine did not affect the amount of tooth displacement, percentage of collagen, number of osteoclasts, and presence of hyalinized areas (P>0.05). There was a higher frequency of root resorption areas in the FM group than in the SM group only on the second day (P<0.05). The findings of this study show that chronic use of 20 mg/kg fluoxetine does not affect the amount of tooth movement, collagen neoformation, number of osteoclasts, or hyalinized areas and does not affect root resorption until the last day of orthodontic movement.

Deglutition assessment instruments used in critical patients submitted to orotracheal extubation: a scoping review

ABSTRACT Purpose: to map, through a literature survey, which instruments are used to assess swallowing in patients after orotracheal extubation. Methods: available evidence was mapped through six electronic databases and gray literature. There were no restrictions regarding gender, ethnicity of the individuals, language of the studies, time of publication, and diagnosis. Results: the most mentioned protocol in the studies was the Dysphagia Risk Evaluation Protocol and the most cited objective assessment exam was the flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing. Conclusion: there is a need for a specific protocol to evaluate this profile of patients, in addition to comparative studies of subjective clinical evaluation and instrumental imaging.

Association between atypical swallowing and malocclusions: a systematic review

ABSTRACT Objective: This systematic review aims to answer the following focus question: "Is there an association between atypical swallowing and malocclusions?". Methods: Appropriate word combinations were chosen and tailored specifically for each of the following electronic databases: EMBASE, Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences (LILACS), LIVIVO, PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, and gray literature, without any restrictions, up to February 2021. According to the selection criteria, only cross-sectional studies were included. The following inclusion criteria were considered: a sample composed of children, adolescents, and adults; patients clinically diagnosed with atypical swallowing; patients with normal swallowing; and outcome of interest of atypical swallowing in patients with malocclusion. The data consisted of study characteristics, sample characteristics, results, and conclusion of each study. The risk of bias was assessed using the JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist for Analytical Cross-Sectional Studies, and the certainty of evidence was assessed using the GRADE tool. Results: 4,750 articles were identified. After a two-step selection, four studies were included. A higher frequency of distal occlusion, extreme maxillary overhang, and open bite was related to swallowing disorders; most studies pointed to posterior crossbite as a malocclusion more associated with atypical swallowing. All studies had a moderate to high risk of bias, and the certainty of evidence was very low. Conclusion: The results indicate that atypical swallowing is associated with malocclusions and that posterior crossbite is the main malocclusion found, but only in the young population (3-11 years). Registration: PROSPERO (42020215203).

RESUMO Objetivo: A presente revisão sistemática tem como objetivo responder à seguinte questão focal: "Existe associação entre deglutição atípica e más oclusões?". Métodos: Combinações de palavras e truncamentos apropriados foram adaptados para as bases de dados eletrônicas: EMBASE, Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS), LIVIVO, PubMed/Medline, Scopus e Web of Science e a literatura cinzenta, sem qualquer restrição, até fevereiro de 2021. Os critérios de inclusão foram: estudos transversais; amostra composta por crianças, adolescentes e adultos; pacientes com diagnóstico clínico de deglutição atípica; pacientes com deglutição normal, e o desfecho de interesse foi deglutição atípica em pacientes com má oclusão. Os dados extraídos de cada estudo foram características do estudo, da amostra e a conclusão. O risco de viés foi avaliado usando a Lista de verificação de avaliação crítica da JBI para estudos transversais analíticos, e a certeza das evidências foi avaliada usando a ferramenta GRADE. Resultados: Foram identificados 4.750 artigos. Após uma seleção em duas fases, quatro estudos foram incluídos. Maior frequência de disto-oclusão, protuberância maxilar extrema e mordida aberta foram relacionadas a distúrbios da deglutição, com a maioria dos estudos apontando para mordida cruzada posterior como a má oclusão mais associada à deglutição atípica. Todos os estudos tiveram um risco de viés moderado a alto, e a certeza das evidências foi considerada muito baixa. Conclusão: Os resultados indicam que a deglutição atípica está associada à mordida cruzada posterior apenas na população jovem de 3 a 11 anos.

Efeito da contaminação por saliva na resistência adesiva de braquetes cerâmicos utilizando uma resina ortodôntica hidrofílica / Saliva contamination effect on shear bond strength of ceramic brackets with an orthodontic hydrophilic resin

Introdução: Alguns fatores, como a presença de saliva, são capazes de influenciar a adesão do braquete ao dente durante o procedimento de colagem e podem causar falha da resistência adesiva. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a resistência ao cisalhamento de braquetes cerâmicos ortodônticos colados com Transbond XT e Transbond Plus Color Change em esmalte de dentes bovinos, contaminado e não contaminado por saliva, além de analisar o local da falha adesiva. Material e método: Sessenta incisivos bovinos foram divididos aleatoriamente em quatro grupos (n=15), de acordo com o material de colagem e a presença de contaminação: Grupo 1 (G1): colagem com Transbond XT na ausência de contaminação; Grupo 2 (G2): colagem com Self Etching Pimer e Transbond Color Change na ausência de contaminação; Grupo 3 (G3): colagem com Transbond XT na presença de contaminação, e Grupo 4 (G4): colagem com Self Etching Primer e Transbond Color Change na presença de contaminação. Resultado: O teste não paramétrico de Kruskal-Wallis mostrou que G1 diferiu estatisticamente (p<0,05) de G2 e G3. Não houve diferença estatística significativa entre os demais grupos. O índice de adesivo remanescente (IAR) variou entre 2 e 3 no G1 e entre 0 e 1 nos outros grupos. Conclusão: A contaminação por saliva diminui a resistência adesiva ao cisalhamento de braquetes cerâmicos colados com a resina hidrofóbica Transbond XT convencional. Por outro lado, a utilização da resina hidrofílica Transbond Plus Color Change associada ao Self Etching Primer, em ambiente contaminado por saliva, confere resistência adesiva adequada para o seu uso clínico.

Introduction: Some fator, such as the presence of saliva, are able to influence the adhesion of the bracket to the tooth enamel during the orthodontic bonding procedure and may cause the adhesive failure. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the shear strength of orthodontic ceramic brackets bonded with Transbond XT and Transbond Plus Color Change to bovine teeth, under saliva contamination and the adhesive failure mode. Material and method: Sixty bovine permanent incisors were randomly divided into 4 groups (n=15) according to bonding material and saliva contamination: Group 1 (G1) bonded with Transbond XT with no saliva contamination; Group 2 (G2) bonded with Self Etching Primer and Transbond Plus Color Change with no saliva contamination; Group 3 (G3) bonded with Transbond XT with saliva contamination and Group 4 (G4) bonded with Transbond Plus Color Change with saliva contamination. Result: The Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric test (p<0,05) was used and showed that G1 differed statistically from G2 and G3. There was no statistical difference between the other groups. The adhesive remnant index (ARI) ranged between 2 and 3 in G1 and between 0 and 1 score in the other groups. Conclusion: Saliva contamination decreases the shear bond strength of ceramic brackets bonded with conventional Transbond XT hydrophobic resin. On the other hand, the Transbond Plus Color Change hydrophilic resin associated with a Self Etching Primer, under saliva contamination, provide a sufficient shear bond strength, suitable for their clinical use.

Prosthetic, orthodontic and implant-supported rehabilitation of five maxillary anterior teeth with alveolar bone loss

ABSTRACT Introduction: Treatment of maxillofacial injuries is complex and requires the establishment of a comprehensive and accurate diagnosis and correct treatment planning. Objective: The objective of this case report was to describe the re-treatment of a 27-year-old woman who was involved in a severe car accident that resulted in the loss of five anterior teeth and alveolar bone, and whose previous orthodontic and surgical treatments had been unsuccessful. Case report: In this case, the space for the missing mandibular molar was reopened to allow for rehabilitation. The positions of the mandibular incisors were improved. The right mandibular canine was moved to the mesial, allowing for correction of the Class II canine relationship on that side, and implants were placed to replace the maxillary anterior teeth. Conclusion: Anterior aesthetic and functional rehabilitation using a multidisciplinary approach was essential to improve the patient's facial aesthetics, to obtain great improvement in function and to achieve occlusal stability after 2 years of follow-up.

RESUMO Introdução: o tratamento de danos bucomaxilofaciais é complexo e requer diagnóstico abrangente e preciso, além de um correto plano de tratamento. Objetivo: o objetivo deste relato de caso foi descrever o retratamento de uma paciente do sexo feminino, 27 anos de idade, envolvida em acidente automobilístico grave, que resultou na perda de cinco dentes, além de perda óssea alveolar na região anterior. Relato de caso: a paciente apresentava histórico de insucesso de tratamento ortodôntico e cirúrgico. No caso apresentado, o espaço referente aos molares inferiores ausentes foi reaberto, para possibilitar a reabilitação. Houve melhora no posicionamento dos incisivos inferiores. O canino inferior direito foi deslocado para mesial, possibilitando a correção da relação de Classe II intercaninos do mesmo lado. Implantes foram inseridos a fim de substituir os dentes superiores da região anterior. Conclusão: a reabilitação estética e funcional da região anterior, realizada por meio de uma abordagem multidisciplinar, foi fundamental para valorizar a estética facial da paciente, melhorar a função e promover estabilidade oclusal após dois anos de acompanhamento.

Shear bond strength of three different bonding systems for orthodontic brackets

Aim: The objective of this study was to compare the efficiencies of different adhesive systems used to bond orthodontic brackets as well as the fracture pattern during debonding on bovine teeth. Methods: The sample included 45 specimens assigned to 3 groups according to the adhesive system applied: Group I: Transbond XT (3M Unitek®, Monrovia/CA -USA), Group II: Orthocem (FGM® Joinville/SC-BR), and Group III: Orthobond (Morelli®, Sorocaba/SP-BR). For this purpose, metal brackets were bonded to bovine teeth following the instructions from each manufacturer. The specimens were subjected to a shear test to assess bond strength (BS). Finally, after debonding, the adhesive remnant index (ARI) was estimated. Results: The average shear strength for a tooth bonded using the adhesive system Transbond XT was 16.39 MPa, while it was 18.08 Mpa for Orthocem and 7.28 Mpa for Orthobond; The Tukey test revealed no statistically significant differences between groups I and II (p < 0.01) and group III differed statistically from groups I and II. Conclusion: In conclusion, both adhesive systems Transbond XT and Orthocem attained higher bond strength values than Orthobond; the fracture pattern was similar for all adhesive systems applied

Effect of acute administration of nicotine and ethanol on tooth movement in rats

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of acute administration of nicotine and ethanol on tooth movement in rats. Two hundred rats were divided into eight groups: S: saline; N: nicotine; E: ethanol; NE: nicotine and ethanol; SM: saline with tooth movement; NM: nicotine with tooth movement; EM: ethanol with tooth movement; and NEM: nicotine and ethanol with tooth movement. All the solutions were applied for 32, 44, or 58 days, according to the subgroup. Orthodontic movement (25 cN) was initiated 30 days after solution administration in the groups with tooth movement. The rats were euthanized 2, 14, or 28 days after initiation of tooth movement. Tooth sections were stained using picrosirius and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP). The data were compared by ANOVA using Tukey's HSD and Games-Howell. On day 28 of tooth movement, the NEM group had a lower percentage of type I collagen compared to the SM group (p = 0.0448), and the S group had a higher number of osteoclasts/μm2 compared to the N group (p = 0.0405). Nicotine and ethanol did not affect the tooth movement rate, regardless of induction of orthodontic movement. Nicotine influenced the number of osteoclasts by decreasing their quantity when dental movement was not induced. When nicotine was associated with ethanol, it interfered in the maturation of collagen fibers during orthodontic movement.

Interaction of Anabolic Androgenic Steroids and Induced Tooth Movement in Rats

Abstract This study evaluated the interaction between tooth movement and two anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS), Deposteron® and Nebido®. One hundred Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups: control (C) n=30, Nebido experimental (N) n=35 and Deposteron experimental (D) n=35. The control group was subdivided into 6 subgroups: 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 and 14. The experimental groups were subdivided into 7 subgroups: 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 and 14, which corresponded to the day of animal's euthanasia after applying orthodontic force. Orthodontic devices were used to induce tooth movement using 50 cN of reciprocal force between the maxillary right first molar and the maxillary incisors. After euthanasia, the tissues were processed and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP). Osteoclasts, Howship's lacunae and blood vessels were quantified. Groups N and D showed acceleration in the reorganization of the periodontal ligament compared to group C. The peak of the histological events occurred in group C on day 5 and in groups N and D on day 3 after installation of the orthodontic device. There was a statistically significant difference in the number of osteoclasts (p<0.05) between groups N3 and C3, and between groups N3 and D3. Supra-physiological doses of the AAS Nebido® and Deposteron® altered the number of osteoclasts, Howship's lacunae and blood vessels, accelerating the reorganization of the periodontal ligament, resulting in accelerated biological effects from the induced tooth movement in rats.

Resumo Este estudo avaliou a interação do movimento dentário entre dois esteróides anabólicos androgênicos (EAA), Deposteron® and Nebido®. Cem ratos Wistar foram divididos em 3 grupos: controle (C) n=30, Nebido experimental (N) n=35 e Deposteron experimental (D) n=35. O grupo controle foi subdivido em 6 subgrupos: 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 e 14. Os grupos experimentais foram subdivididos em 7 subgrupos: 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 e 14, correspondendo ao dia da eutanásia do animal após aplicada a força ortodôntica. Um dispositivo ortodôntico foi utilizado para induzir a movimentação dentária com força recíproca de 50 cN entre o primeiro molar superior direito e os incisivos superiores. Após a eutanásia, o tecido foi processado e corado com hematoxilina e eosina (HE) e fosfatase ácida tartarato-resistente (TRAP). Osteoclastos, lacunas de Howship e vasos sanguíneos foram quantificados. Os grupos N e D demonstraram aceleração na reorganização do ligamento periodontal comparado ao grupo C. O pico dos eventos histológicos ocorreu no grupo C no dia 5 e nos grupos N e D no dia 3, após a instalação do dispositivo ortodôntico. Houve diferença estatisticamente significante no número de osteoclastos (p<0,05) entre os grupos N3 e C3 e entre os grupos N3 e D3. Doses supra-fisiológicas de EAA Nebido® and Deposteron® alteraram o número de osteoclastos, lacunas de Howship e vasos sanguíneos, acelerando a reorganização do ligamento periodontal, resultando na aceleração dos efeitos biológicos na movimentação dentária em ratos.

Effects of Zoledronic Acid on Orthodontic Tooth Movement in Rats

Abstract The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of the administration of zoledronic acid (ZA) during orthodontic movement in rats. A hundred and twenty male Wistar rats were applied force of 30 cN with spring closed nickel-titanium to move the upper right first molar to mesial. In the Control Movement group (CM), only tooth movement was performed; the Control Acid Zoledronic group (CAZ) received a single dose (0.1 mg/kg) of ZA; the Experimental Acid Zoledronic group (EAZ) received a single dose (0.1 mg/kg) one week prior to the start of tooth movement; and the Control Without movement group (CWM) that received no drug and without application of tooth movement. The animals were euthanized after 3, 7 and 14 days. Tooth movement was measured using a caliper, the number of osteoclasts using TRAP staining, the expression of mature and immature collagen using picrosirius staining, and the presence of hyaline areas and root resorption using HE. The data were compared using two-way ANOVA, Tukey HSD, Games-Howell and chi-squared test, at the 5% significance level. It was observed a smaller number of osteoclasts and greater percentage of hyaline area in the EAZ group. There was no difference among the groups regarding bone remodeling, root resorption and tooth movement for all observed times.

Resumo A proposta deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da administração do ácido zoledrônico (ZA) durante a movimentação ortodôntica em ratos. Cento e vinte ratos Wistar, machos, foram submetidos a aplicação de uma força de 30 cN através de uma mola fechada de níquel-titânio para mover o primeiro molar superior direito para mesial. No grupo Controle Movimentação (CM), apenas a movimentação dentária foi realizada; o grupo Controle Ácido Zoledrônico (CAZ) recebeu uma única dose (0,1 mg/kg) de ZA; o grupo Experimental Ácido Zoledrônico (EAZ) recebeu uma única dose (0,1 mg/Kg) uma semana antes do início da movimentação dentária; e o grupo Controle Sem Movimentação (CWM) não receberam nenhum tipo de droga e não foi realizado movimentação dentária. Os animais foram eutanásiados após 3, 7 e 14 dias. A movimentação dentária foi mensurada através de um paquímetro, o número de osteoclastos utilizando coloração TRAP, a expressão do colágeno maturo e imaturo através da coloração Picrosírius, e a presença de áreas hialinas e reabsorção radicular utilizando HE. Os dados foram comparados utilizando ANOVA a dois critérios, Tukey HSD, Games-Howell e teste de qui-quadrado, ao nível de significância de 5%. Verificou-se menor número de osteoclastos e maior porcentagem de área hialina no grupo EAZ. Não houve diferença entre grupos quanto à neoformação óssea, reabsorção radicular e movimentação dentária em todos os tempos observados.

Prevalência das chaves de oclusão de Andrews nos pacientes que procuram tratamento ortodôntico / Prevalence of the Andrews ideal keys of occlusion in patients who seek for orthodontic treatment

Poucos estudos foram feitos avaliando o status inicial da oclusão estática nos pacientes que procuram tratamento ortodôntico. Objetivou-se verificar a prevalência das chaves de oclusão de Andrews no início do tratamento ortodôntico. Foram avaliados os modelos de estudo iniciais de 236 pacientes de Ortodontia, de ambos os sexos, em fase de dentição permanente. Foi verificada por meio de inspeção visual, template cefalométrico e régua milimetrada, a presença ou não das chaves de Andrews. Nos modelos avaliados, 141 apresentavam-se sem nenhuma das seis chaves, 42 com uma, 20 com duas, 28 com três e 5 com quatro das seis chaves. A chave 6, curva de Spee suave ou ausente, foi a mais frequente (27,5% dos casos) e a chave 1, relação molar, foi a menos frequente, (1% dos casos). Pacientes que buscam tratamento ortodôntico apresentam-se, em sua maioria, sem nenhuma das seis chaves de oclusão ideal de Andrews.

Few studies have been performed to evaluate the initial status of static occlusion in patients seeking orthodontic treatment. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of occlusion Andrews keys at the beginning of orthodontic treatment. Models of initial study of 236 orthodontic patients, both genders, under permanent dentition were evaluated. Presence or absence of the keys was verified by visual inspection, template cephalometric and millimeter ruler. One hundred and forty one models presented without any of the six keys, 42 with one key, 20 with two keys, 28 with three keys and 5 with four of the six keys. Key 6, mild or absent curve of Spee, was the most frequent (27.5 % of cases) while key 1, molar ratio, was less frequent (1% of cases). Patients seeking for orthodontic treatment are presented, mostly without any of the Andrews six keys to optimal occlusion.

Resistência adesiva após colagem e recolagem de bráquetes: um estudo in vitro / Bond strength after bonding and rebonding of brackets: an in vitro study

A busca por um material adesivo para recolagem de bráquetes com adesão adequada desperta interesse ao ortodontista. A resina fotopolimerizável ReBond® foi introduzida na Ortodontia com esta finalidade. Objetivos: Avaliar e comparar o desempenho in vitro do ReBond® com a resina Transbond XT® na recolagem de bráquetes metálicos. Materiais e Métodos: Noventa incisivos inferiores bovinos foram divididos em 3 grupos (n=30): Grupo I: bráquetes colados com resina Transbond® e colagem de novos bráquetes com resina Transbond®; Grupo II: bráquetes colados com resina Transbond® e recolados com resina Rebond®; Grupo III: bráquetes colados e recolados com resina Transbond®. Os corpos de prova foram submetidos ao teste de cisalhamento na máquina de ensaio universal DL 500 (EMIC). Os valores obtidos foram analisados estatisticamente e apresentaram distribuição normal (ANOVA e TUKEY-HSD). Resultados: Os resultados evidenciaram existir diferença estatisticamente significante entre grupos e en¬tre colagem/recolagem dos bráquetes. A força de colagem inicial demonstrou ser sempre superior à força de recolagem, em todos os grupos experimentais. Conclusões: A força de recolagem dos bráquetes com Rebond® e Transbond® apresentaram forças de adesão adequadas ao uso clínico...

The search for an adhesive material for satisfactory rebond of brackets awakens interest to the orthodontist. The ReBond® fotopolimerizable resin was introduced in Orthodontics with this purpose. Objectives: To assess and compare the performance of in vitro ReBond® with Transbond XT® resin of metallic orthodontic brackets in rebonding. Materials and Method: Ninety bovine lower incisors were divided into 3 groups (n = 30): Group I: brackets bonded with Transbond® resin and bond of new brackets with Transbond® resin; Group II: brackets bonded with Transbond® resin and rebonded with Rebond® resin; Group III: brackets bonded and rebonded with Transbond® resin. Samples were submitted to a shear test in a universal testing machine DL 500 (EMIC). Data were statistically analyzed and showed normal distribution (ANOVA and TUKEY-HSD). Results: The results showed significant difference between groups and between bond/rebond of brackets. The initial bond strength was always higher than the rebond strength in all experimental groups. Conclusions: The strength of rebonding of the brackets rebonded with Rebond® and Transbond® was adequate to the appropriate clinical use...

Influence of different beverages on the force degradation of intermaxillary elastics: an in vitro study

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro the effects of frequently ingested beverages on force degradation of intermaxillary elastics. Material and Methods: One hundred and eighty 1/4-inch intermaxillary elastics (TP Orthodontics) were immersed into six different beverages: (1) Coca-Cola®; (2) Beer; (3) Orange juice; (4) Red wine; (5) Coffee and (6) artificial saliva (control). The period of immersion was 15 min for the first and second cycles and 30 min for the third to fifth cycles. Tensile forces were read in a tensile testing machine before and after the five immersion cycles. One-way repeated measures ANOVA was used to identify significant differences. Results: Force degradation was seen in all evaluated groups and at all observation periods (p<0.05). A greater degree of degradation was present at the initial periods, decreasing gradually over time. However, no statistically significant differences were seen among groups at the same periods, showing that different groups behaved similarly. Conclusion: The chemical nature of the evaluated beverages was not able to influence the degree of force degradation at all observation periods.

Avaliação da resistência adesiva após colagem ortodôntica com resina e sistema hidrofílicos com ou sem contaminação / Evaluation of adhesive strengh after orthodontics bonding with hydrophilic resin and system with or without contamination

A contaminação salivar deve ser evitada para obter-se adequada adesão dos braquetes no esmalte. Entretanto, a colagem de braquetes e acessórios em dentes impactados, superfícies dentárias linguais, segundos molares e dentes parcialmente irrompidos torna mais difícil o procedimento de colagem sem contaminação. Dessa forma, materiais têm sido desenvolvidos com a intenção de obter-se boa resistência adesiva dos braquetes frente à contaminação por água e/ou saliva. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar, in vitro, a resistência adesiva ao cisalhamento após a colagem de braquetes metálicos com a resina Transbond Color Change® (TCC) e sistema adesivo Transbond Plus Self-Etching Primer® (TPSEP) na presença ou ausência de contaminação por saliva. Foram utilizados 100 incisivos inferiores bovinos, divididos em 4 grupos (Grupo 1: TPSEP + Transbond XT e ausência de contaminação; Grupo 2: TPSEP + Transbond XT e presença de contaminação; Grupo 3: TPSEP + TCC e ausência de contaminação; Grupo 4: TPSEP + TCC e presença de contaminação). Os corpos de prova foram submetidos ao teste de cisalhamento na máquina de ensaio universal DL 500 (EMIC). Os valores obtidos foram analisados estatisticamente através do método de ANOVA a dois critérios, modelo fatorial completo, e evidenciaram que a presença de contaminação por saliva diminuiu a resistência adesiva nos dois grupos estudados (p < 0,05). Conclui-se que a resistência adesiva ao cisalhamento diminui na presença de contaminação por saliva ao se utilizar um sistema adesivo e resina hidrofílicos.

Resistência adesiva ao cisalhamento de braquetes cerâmicos monocristalinos: estudo in vitro / Shear bond strength of monocrystalline ceramic brackets: in vitro study

Objetivo: o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar in vitro a resistência adesiva (RA) ao cisalhamento e o modo da falha adesiva pelo índice de adesivo remanescente (IAR) de braquetes cerâmicos monocristalinos Radiance e Inspire Ice, comparando-os com braquetes metálicos Miniature Twin e braquetes cerâmicos policristalinos Clarity. Métodos: foram utilizados 80 incisivos inferiores permanentes bovinos, distribuídos em 4 grupos de 20 dentes cada: G1 - braquetes metálicos Miniature Twin (3M Unitek), G2 - braquetes cerâmicos policristalinos Clarity (3M Unitek), G3 - brackets cerâmicos monocristalinos Radiance (American Orthodontics) e G4 - braquetes cerâmicos monocristalinos Inspire Ice (ORMCO). Os braquetes foram colados com Transbond XT (3M Unitek). Após 24h, avaliou-se a RA, em máquina universal de ensaios, e o IAR. Resultados: a RA média em MPa foi: G1 = 13,23; G2 = 21,00; G3 = 12,08 e G4 = 16,09. A análise de variância e o teste de Games-Howell indicaram que não houve diferença significativa (p>0,05) entre o G1 e G3 e entre o G1 e G4. O G2 diferiu estatisticamente (p<0,05) de todos os grupos, enquanto o G3 foi significativamente menor (p<0,05) que o G4. Na maior parte dos corpos de prova do G1, a falha adesiva ocorreu na interface adesivo-esmalte, resultando em IAR variando entre 0 e 1, enquanto no G2, G3 e G4 o IAR variou entre 2 e 3, evidenciando falha na interface braquete-adesivo. Conclusões: os braquetes cerâmicos monocristalinos apresentaram RA semelhante aos braquetes metálicos e demonstraram padrão de falha na interface braquete-adesivo, sugerindo a tendência do adesivo permanecer aderido ao dente.

Alignment and leveling maxillary impacted canines / Alinhamento e nivelamento de caninos superiores impactados

The impaction of maxillary permanent canines is a frequently encountered clinical problem, especially on the palate. The causes for retarded eruption of the teeth may be either generalized or localized, and its diagnosis is based on both specific clinical and radiographic examinations. Combined periodontal-orthodontic treatment has been efficient when a prognostic and adequate technique is assured to preserve the integrity of the tissues around the canine teeth. This review illustrates clinical cases of maxillary impacted canines and procedures to bring them to normal axial inclination on the dental arch.

A impactação de caninos superiores permanentes é um problema clínico frequentemente encontrado, especialmente no palato. As causas para a erupção tardia dos dentes pode ser tanto generalizada ou localizada, e seu diagnóstico é baseado em exames clínicos e radiográficos específicos. O tratamento combinado periodontal-ortodôntico tem sido eficiente quando uma técnica adequada é assegurada para preservar a integridade dos tecidos ao redor dos dentes caninos. Esta revisão ilustra casos clínicos de caninos superiores impactados e procedimentos para trazê-los à inclinação axial normal no arco dentário.

Influence of Ortho Primer Morelli adhesion booster on orthodontic brackets shear bond strength

OBJECTIVE: This work aimed at assessing the bond strength (AS), the site of the flaw and the relation between them and Ortho Primer Morelli® (OPM) adhesion optimizer. METHODS: Sixty test specimens, made out of bovine permanent lower incisors, were divided into three groups: TXT Primer (control), in which a conventional adhesive system was applied (primer and paste); OPM, in which TXT primer was replaced by OPM; and TXT without Primer, in which only TXT paste was used. A shear force was applied at a speed of 0,5 mm/min. Failure site was assessed by the Remaining Adhesion Index (RAI). RESULTS: Kruskal-Wallis demonstrated that OPM (8.54 ± 1.86 MPa) presented a statistically higher AS (p < 0.05) IF compared to TXT Primer (6.83 ± 2.05 MPa). There was no statistically significant difference (p > 0.05) between TXT with or without Primer (6.42 ± 2.12 MPa). Regarding the RAI, the K test demonstrated that TXT Primer and OPM (prevailing scores 2 and 3) showed higher values (p < 0.05) IF compared to TXT without Primer (prevailing scores 0 and 1). Spearman demonstrated that there was no correlation between AS and RAI (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: OPM increases AS and presents the same bond failure location if compared to a conventional adhesive system; the use of the TXT adhesive system paste only was shown to have the same AS if compared to conventional systems, except it does not allow to predict the adhesive failure site; there is no correlation between AS and bond failure location, regardless of the use of any adhesion optimizer.

Resistência ao cisalhamento de brackets colados com resina hidrofílica com ou sem contaminação salivar: estudo in vitro / Shear bond strength of brackets bonded with hydrophilic resin with or without salivary contamination: in vitro study

Introducao: O controle da umidade durante o processo de colagem em ortodontia éum fator crítico para o sucesso do procedimento, a presenca de fluídos bucais pode diminuir a resistência entre o bracket e o esmalte dentário. Objetivo: Avaliar, in vitro, a resistência adesiva ao cisalhamento após a colagem de bracketsmetálicos com a resina Transbond Color Change® e sistema adesivo convencional na presença ou ausênciade contaminação por saliva. Materiais e métodos: Foram utilizados 100 incisivos inferiores bovinos, divididosnos grupos: A1 – Transbond XT sem contaminacao, A2 – Transbond XT com contaminacao, B1 – Transbond Plus Color Change® sem contaminação, B2 – Transbond Plus Color Change® com contaminação. Após a colagem dos brackets, os corpos de prova foram submetidos ao teste de cisalhamento na máquina de ensaio universal DL 500 (EMIC). Resultados: ANOVA a dois critérios, modelo fatorial completo, evidenciou que a presença de contaminação por saliva diminuiu a resistência adesiva em ambas as resinas estudadas (p < 0,05). Na ausência de contaminacao, a resina Transbond XT apresentou maior resistência adesiva que a resina Transbond Color Change® (p < 0,05), e na condição de contaminação, não foi verificada diferença estatisticamente significante entre as resinas (p > 0,05). Conclusão: Conclui-se que a resistência adesiva ao cisalhamento diminui na presença de contaminação por saliva ao se utilizar uma resina hidrofílica, nãoapresentando força de adesão adequada para uso clínico.

Introduction: Humidity control during the bonding process in Orthodontics is a critical factor for the success of the procedure; the presence of oral fluids can decrease the resistance between the bracket and the tooth enamel. Objective: To evaluate in vitro the shear bond strength after bonding metal brackets with resin Transbond Change Color® system and conventional adhesive in the presence or absence of contamination by saliva. Materials and methods: A total of 100 bovine incisors were divided into groups: A1 – uncontaminated Transbond XT, A2 – Transbond XT with contamination, B1 – uncontaminated Transbond Plus Color Change®, B2 – Transbond Plus Color Change® with contamination. After bonding the brackets, the specimens were subjected to shear stress in a universal testing machine DL 500 (EMIC). Results: Two-way ANOVA, full factorial design, showed that the presence of saliva decreased the bond strength in both resins studied (p < 0.05). In the absence of contamination, the resin Transbond XT presented more bond resistance than the resin Transbond Color Change (p < 0.05) and in the condition of contamination, difference between the resins was not verified statistically significant (p > 0.05). Conclusion: It was concluded that the shear bond strength decreases in the presence of saliva contamination when using a hydrophilic resin, with no significant bond strength suitable for clinical use.

Blood contamination effect on shear bond strength of an orthodontic hydrophilic resin

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the impact of blood contamination on shear bond strength (SBS) and bond failure pattern of metallic brackets bonded using a new hydrophilic resin. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Eighty human premolars were randomly allocated into 4 groups (n=20) according to the bonding material and contamination pattern. GI: brackets bonded with the Transbond XT conventional system without contamination; GII: brackets bonded with the Transbond XT conventional system with blood contamination; GIII: brackets bonded with the Transbond Self Etching Primer and Transbond Plus Color without contamination; GIV: brackets bonded with the Transbond Self Etching Primer and Transbond Plus Color with blood contamination. The specimens were stored in distilled water at 37°C for 24 h and then submitted to SBS test at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. After bond failure, the enamel surfaces were observed under an optical microscope at 40x magnification. RESULTS: Blood contamination decreased (P<0.05) shear bond strength when both the hydrophobic (GII) and the hydrophilic resin (GIV) were used. However, the bond strength of Transbond Color Change group was significantly higher (P<0.05) than that of the Transbond XT conventional system group under blood contamination condition. Under dry conditions no difference was observed between the hydrophobic and hydrophilic resin groups. Regarding the bond failure pattern, when blood contaminated the enamel, the adhesive remnant index (ARI) showed predominance of scores 0 and 1, which indicates low adhesion to enamel. CONCLUSIONS: Although there was a significant decrease in the shear bond strength for both adhesive systems under blood contamination, the hydrophilic system showed significantly higher bond strength than the hydrophobic resin adhesive. Therefore, it is advisable to use the hydrophilic resin under risk of blood contamination.

Prevalência de dentes supranumerários em pacientes que procuraram tratamento ortodôntico / Prevalence of supernumerary teeth in patients who sought orthodontic treatment

Objetivo: Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a prevalência de dentes supranumerários em pacientes que procuraram atendimento na clínica odontológica no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Odontologia, área de concentração em Ortodontia da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR). Materiais e Métodos: Foram analisadas 247 radiografias panorâmicas, de pacientes com idades entre 6 anos e 12 anos e 11 meses, 112 do gênero masculino e 135 do feminino, em um negatoscópio em sala escura. Resultados: A prevalência dos dentes supranumerários foi de 2,43% (seis dentes), acometendo apenas a maxila de 6 indivíduos do gênero masculino, sendo todos localizados na região da linha mediana. O Teste de Diferença entre duas Proporções demonstrou que houve diferença estatística (p = 0,0063) entre os gêneros, considerandotanto “Arcada Dentária” quanto “Região”. Conclusão: Os dentes supranumerários foram encontradosexclusivamente no gênero masculino, na maxila e na linha mediana. Evidenciou-se a importância do exameradiográfico panorâmico no estudo da prevalência dessa anomalia dentária de desenvolvimento, para queprocedimentos preventivos, interceptivos e/ou corretivos possam ser planejados.

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess supernumerary teeth prevalence in patients who sought orthodontic treatment at Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná. Materials and methods: Standard viewbox with background light masked was utilized in order to evaluate 247 panoramic radiographs of both genders patients aging from 6 years-old to 12 years and 11 months. Results: Prevalence of supranumerary teeth was 2.43% (six teeth), localized only in maxillary arch and in the midline region of male subjects. Difference Between Two Proportions test showed that there was statistical difference (p = 0.0063) between genders, considering both “Dental Arch” and “Region”. Conclusions: Supranumerary teeth were only found in male patients, in maxilla and in the midline. Panoramic radiographs assessment is important in order to study the prevalence of this dental development anomaly and permits that interceptive and/or corrective procedures may be planned.

Associação entre caninos inclusos e agenesias de incisivos laterais superiores permanentes / Association between impacted maxillary permanent canines and agenesis of permanent lateral superior incisors

Objetivo: Avaliar a prevalência de pacientes de Ortodontia com caninos superiores permanentes inclusos (CSPI), e sua localização e associação com a agenesia dos incisivos laterais superiores permanentes (ILSP). Materiais e métodos: A amostra foi constituída a partir dos prontuários de 825 pacientes, sendo o Grupo Experimental (GE) composto de 27 pacientes, 14 do sexo feminino (idades entre 10,5 anos e 15,4 anos) e 13 do sexo masculino (idades entre 11 anos e 17,6 anos), com CSPI e o Grupo Controle (GC) por 27 pacientes sem CSPI, pareados com GE de mesma idade e sexo. Analisaram-se a anamnese, o exame clínico, os modelos, as fotografias, radiografias panorâmica, periapicais e oclusais, telerradiografias cefalométrica lateral e póstero-anterior, em ambiente escurecido com negastocópio e lupa testeira (aumento 4x). Resultados: Observaram-se 27 pacientes (3,27%), totalizando 31 caninos inclusos, 51,85% ocorreram no sexo feminino e 48,15% no masculino; o Teste de Diferença de duas proporções verificou maior número de agenesias de ILSP(7) no GE do que no GC (1) (p = 0,0255) e que a ocorrência de agenesias concentrou-se nos pacientes comCSPI na região palatina (p = 0,0227). Conclusão: A prevalência de caninos superiores permanentes inclusosé de 3,27%, mais frequente por palatino e há dependência entre a prevalência aumentada de agenesia deincisivos laterais superiores permanentes e a inclusão palatina de caninos superiores.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of included permanent maxillary canines (IPMC) in orthodontic patients, their location and association of agenesis of the permanent upper lateral incisors (PULI). Materials and methods: A sample from the medical records of 825 patients was analyzed. The experimental group (E.G.) was composed of 27 patients with IPMC, including 14 females (aged from 10.5 to 15.4 years) and 13 males (aged from 11.0 to 17.6 years). The control group (CG) was made up of 27 patients without IPMC, paired with E.G. of the same age and sex. We analyzed clinical histories and clinical examinations, models, photographs; also panoramic, periapical, occlusal and lateral radiographs, and lateral and antero-posterior cephalometric teleradiographs were examined in a darkened room with an illuminated viewbox and headband magnifier (4X magnification). Results: There were 27 patients (3.27%) with IPMC, totaling 31 included maxillary canines, 51,85% in females and 48.15% in males. The difference in proportions test found a higher number of cases of PULI agenesis (7) in the E.G. than in the CG (1) (p = 0.0255) and that the occurrence of agenesis was concentrated in patients with palatal IPMC (p = 0.0277). Conclusions: The prevalence of included permanent maxillary canines is 3.27%, more frequent in the palatine area. There is dependence between the increased prevalence of agenesis of permanent upper lateral incisors and palatal impaction of maxillary canines.